“npm install” in particular is getting me.

C, C++, C#, to name the main ones. And quite a lot of languages are compiled similarly to these.

To be clear, there’s a lot of caveats to the statement, and it depends on architecture as well, but at the end of the day, it’s rare for a byte or bool to be mapped directly to a single byte in memory.

Say, for example, you have this function…

public void Foo()
{
    bool someFlag = false;
    int counter = 0;

    ...
}

The someFlag and counter variables are getting allocated on the stack, and (depending on architecture) that probably means each one is aligned to a 32-bit or 64-bit word boundary, since many CPUs require that for whole-word load and store instructions, or only support a stack pointer that increments in whole words. If the function were to have multiple byte or bool variables allocated, it might be able to pack them together, if the CPU supports single-byte load and store instructions, but the next int variable that follows might still need some padding space in front of it, so that it aligns on a word boundary.

A very similar concept applies to most struct and object implementations. A single byte or bool field within a struct or object will likely result in a whole word being allocated, so that other variables and be word-aligned, or so that the whole object meets some optimal word-aligned size. But if you have multiple less-than-a-word fields, they can be packed together. C# does this, for sure, and has some mechanisms by which you can customize field packing.

That’s a good analogy.

It’s far more often stored in a word, so 32-64 bytes, depending on the target architecture. At least in most languages.

You know what we, in the industry, call a detailed specification fo requirements detailed enough to produce software? Code.

The REAL problem is that the industry collectively uses JS almost exclusively for shit it was never meant to do. Like you say, it’s intended for it to not throw errors and kill your whole web page, because it was only ever intended to be used for minor scripts inside mostly-static HTML and CSS web pages. Then we all turned it into the most-popular language in the world for building GUI applications.